A Review on Novel Recombinant Chimeric Multi-Stage AdFalciVax Vaccine for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Review Article

Abstract

Malaria remains a persistent public health emergency, with Plasmodium falciparum responsible for the vast majority of severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. While recent approvals of pre-erythrocytic vaccines mark significant progress, the complex life cycle of the parasite necessitates next-generation tools capable of interrupting transmission dynamics more effectively. AdFalciVax, an indigenous multi-stage vaccine candidate developed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its collaborative network, represents a strategic innovation in this domain. This recombinant chimeric vaccine is engineered using a food-grade Lactococcus lactis expression platform, distinguishing it from traditional yeast or mammalian cell systems. The construct integrates the full-length circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) to target the pre-erythrocytic infection stage, alongside a fusion of Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 proteins designed to elicit transmission-blocking immunity in the mosquito vector. Preclinical evaluations indicate that this dual-targeting mechanism not only induces robust antibody responses but also offers significant logistical advantages, including enhanced thermostability and cost-effective scalability. AdFalciVax aligns with global malaria eradication goals by addressing both the infection of the human host and the transmission to the anopheline vector. This article critically analyzes the design, preclinical immunogenicity, production advantages, and the potential clinical positioning of AdFalciVax within the broader context of malaria elimination strategies.