A Review on Oncolytic and Antimicrobial Properties of Catharanthus roseus

Review Article

Abstract

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, a member of the Apocynaceae family, serves as a primary reservoir for high-value terpenoid indole alkaloids, most notably the oncolytic dimers vinblastine and vincristine. These compounds occupy a critical role in clinical oncology by disrupting mitotic spindle dynamics, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. Beyond its established anticancer efficacy, the plant exhibits significant antimicrobial potential against a diverse range of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. This biological activity is mediated by a complex chemical profile involving flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins that target microbial membrane integrity and enzymatic functions. Traditional therapeutic applications across various cultures for diabetes and inflammatory conditions provide a foundation for modern pharmacological investigations. Despite the therapeutic utility of its secondary metabolites, the extremely low natural yield of dimeric alkaloids remains a significant challenge. Advanced biotechnological strategies, including hairy root cultures, elicitation, and metabolic engineering, offer pathways to enhance the production of these bioactive molecules. A thorough assessment of the botanical features, biosynthetic pathways, and safety profiles provides the necessary framework for optimizing the clinical and industrial utilization of this medicinal species.