A Review on Design Principles and Therapeutic Applications of Bioceramic Aquasomes for Drug Delivery

Review article

Abstract

Aquasomes consists of three-layered, self-assembling ceramic nanoparticles that function as highly efficient vehicles for the delivery of fragile bioactive molecules. These systems, typically ranging from 60 to 300 nanometers, utilize a solid nanocrystalline core often composed of calcium phosphate or carbon as a structural scaffold. A polyhydroxy oligomeric film, such as trehalose or cellobiose, is subsequently adsorbed onto this core to create a "water-like" environment. This unique coating serves to preserve the native conformational integrity of adsorbed proteins, peptides, and genetic materials, protecting them from denaturing forces often encountered in systemic circulation. Unlike conventional lipid-based vesicles, these ceramic-based particulates offer superior mechanical stability and high surface energy for drug loading. The mechanism of action relies on the ability of the carbohydrate layer to mimic the natural aqueous environment, thereby preventing the irreversible dehydration-induced aggregation of biologics. Current research highlights their utility in cancer therapy, vaccine development, and the delivery of insulin or hemoglobin. These systems achieve enhanced bioavailability and reduced systemic toxicity by integrating site-specific targeting ligands. The structural versatility and biocompatibility of the ceramic-core design provide a robust platform for addressing the limitations of traditional drug delivery. Ongoing investigations into stimuli-responsive release and hybrid theranostic models indicate a significant shift toward personalized nanomedicine. This review provides the structural engineering, stabilization mechanisms, and clinical potential of aquasome-based delivery systems.